Sustainable Development of Iraqi Oil and Gas in International Law Dissertation

Sustainable Development of Iraqi Oil and Gas in International Law - Dissertation Example Conclusion 47 Bibliography 50 1. Introduction During several last decades the idea of sustainability has become a major environmental policy supported by many national governments and international organisations.1 One of the most comprehensive descriptions of the notion of sustainability was made by The International Institute for Sustainable Development, who claimed that sustainability is based on â€Å"the persistence of certain necessary and desired characteristics of people, their communities and organisations, and the surrounding ecosystem over a very long period of time (indefinitely)†.2 In order to achieve progress toward sustainability, it is necessary to improve and maintain both human and ecological systems providing their welfare, but not one at the expense of the other. Thus, the idea clearly expresses interdependent relationships between people and the world around them. Institute of Advanced Studies of the United Nations University asserts that: Few global issues have been attracting more attention in recent years than those associated with sustainable development, on which impinge such considerations as the growing world population, mushrooming urbanisation, expanding rates of consumption, climate change, biodiversity, and the adverse social and economic effects these factors are having on the populations of the developing and developed world as they impact the health of mankind and the environment. 3 Relationship between mankind and the environment has started in the distant past, when human beings lived in a complete symbiosis with nature. Over the centuries people worked for their needs without any concern about environmental protection and conservation. In the course of time mastery of humans over nature has been increasing, until it has culminated in the industrial revolution in 19-20th centuries. Such prominent characteristic features of that time as material-intensive way of production, the vast expansion of intercontinental trade a nd fast growth of population caused a considerable environmental damage.4 The impact of industrialization on nature can be well illustrated as follows: ...A vast acceleration of forest cutting, mining, land development, and fishing began. Industrialised societies saw forests disappearing to fuel the factories, mass migrations of people moving to cities to work in factories, and clouds of pollution hanging over the cities. ...The environment was turned into a site of economic competition between the various industrialised nations... 5 The first reaction of the society to environmental problems was a reactive approach that is characterised by clean-up activities mainly.6 But since the early 1960s, environmental problems have been eventually recognised as a political issue, which demands proactive measures. Nowadays it is widely recognised that healthy environment is essential to sustainable development. More and more economists, state officials and researchers understand that economic policy, based on using of forests, water, soils and other critical natural resources, without taking appropriate account of its current state and future development, is not wise and successful. Thus, the more proactive approach in resource usage is being taken, ensuring â€Å"

Old Guard or Avant Garde Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Old Guard or Avant Garde - Research Paper Example It builds on the concept whether certain music set a different pace or keeps on track with the previous songs. In addition, the analysis gets basis on the concept whether music followed a trend of a given period. In this scenario, it is indispensable to exploit examples of famous composers who experienced an influence in their times. In the analysis, it is essential to ensure that the music posses detectable and noticeable compositions. This paper takes into consideration of two kinds of music by different artists that posse the qualities examined. Minimalism, a song by John Adams is one of the most serious and contemporary composers of the 21st century (Johnson 2011). Adams work is quite different from his previous forebears like Terry Riley and La Monte Young. This is because the work is vibrant, exuberant, muscular and propulsive making his song one of the favorites of many people. Designed to work and come up with the best music, Adams uses repetition as one of the qualities of h is song (Sanchez-Behar 2007). The repetition used in the song emphasizes different aspects of the message derived thereby reaching the message of the artist. The repetitive thyme present in the song, which does not only pass the intended message but portrays Adams as a post minimalist. At the age of ten, Adams showed interests in music and begun composing. His first music got notice at the age of 13 years, which got more attention because of the talent he possessed. Adams had a substantial interest in music after graduating at Harvard University where he studied composition earning two degrees BA 1971 and MA1972 (Johnson 2011). Some of the areas where he specified in the early times include shaker loops, which used string septet. This included three violins, two cellos, one bass and one viola not forgetting a group of string players. From this vantage point, Adams gets depicted as an old guard; considering the fact that the instruments used of mass production contrapuntal music (San chez-Behar 2007). For large pitch, chorus and Orchestra Adams used the Harmonium the piece of starts that required insistent repetitions of one syllable –no- and –D-. The harmonium made Adams prosper to the top of American music landscape judged as an established musician in a larger framework. In addition, Adams used Dueling Pianos, Valhalla brass, Cooing Sirens, Gospel Triads, Thwacking bass drums and Niagara of cascading Keys. In this instance, minimalism found its use in the whole music mixed with orchestral gestures. From the analysis, Adams piece of work gets considered an old guard (Adams 2012). This is argued because his dovetailing instrumentation and wordings in his piece of work. In addition, he encounters pattern completion in his music. Adam’s piece of art, minimalism, in addition, depicts various characters for instance, the dynamic shifts in the song. His works moreover, show stylistic differences from other composers in terms of pitch-class, whil e at the same time giving how diversity fits in the minimalist aesthetic (Adams 2012). A tonal variation is another characteristic of Adam’s songs a factor used to capture the attention of neo romantic listeners. This is a feature found in many songs of the previous ages raising a question as the legibility of Adam’s songs. When compared to Michael Buchler index of CSATSIM a similarity gets noticed signifying an old guard (Johnson 2011). Not forgetting is the